Hand Washing in Disease Prevention

Hand Washing in Disease Prevention accessThe most frequent way of germ paste is by peoples authorises. Most of the times germs ar harmless but sometimes they offer also be reason for illnesses ilk flu, cold and gastroenteritis.Washing your attains thoroughly with exclusive and warm water is one of most important thing you laughingstock do to vitiate spreading infections and it helps to protect you, your family members and people around you.Specially ein truth health-c atomic number 18 worker or a person who concerned in direct or indirect patient c atomic number 18 must be care round go past hygiene and must be able to fulfil it properly and at the correct time. It helps to prevent health care-associated infections 2.CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) has estimated that every year almost 2,000,000 patients in the USA get an infection in hospitals, and about 90,000 of these patients die as a result of their infection 1.History of sacrifice laundryHand wash ing with soap and water has been used as a measure of personal hygiene for a long time and has been commonplacely implanted in religious and civilizing practices. stock-still the relationship between hand washing and the spread of disease was confirmed only near 200 years ago.Ignaz Semmelweis established that hospital-acquired diseases (HAD) been transmitted through the transfer of health care workers by his studies in Austria, capital of Austria and Oliver Wendell Holmes in Boston USA. In 1847, he was appointed as a house officer in an obstetric clinic at the University of Vienna Allgemeine Krankenhaus. He observed that maternal mortality rates, commonly reasonable to puerperal fever, were considerably higher in mentioned clinic compared with the other.He also identified that doctor as easy as medical students usually went straight to the delivery suite after doing autopsies and had an unpleasant odor on their pass regardless of hand washing with soap and water earlier to ent ering the clinic. He introduced that cadaverous particles from the autopsy room, that transmitted through the hands of students and doctors to the delivery theatre caused the fever. As a result, Semmelweis purpose that hands be cleansed by a chlorinated lime solution before examine each patient and also after leaving the autopsy room. following the administration of this measure, the mortality rate fell affectedly to 3% in the clinic remained low.Apart from providing the 1st evidence that cleansing thoroughly contaminated hands with an germfree agent cigarette decrease nosocomial transmittal of germs more significantly than washing hands with plain soap and water, this method includes all the essential elements for thriving contamination control interference recognize-explain-act. Both Holmes and Semmelweis failed to examine a sustainable change in the behavior change of their colleagues behavior. In particular, Semmelweis experienced great difficulties in persuading his colle agues and directors of the benefits of this method. In the light of the ethics of social marketing in the present day, his key mistake was that he introduced a system change (administration of the chlorinated lime solution) without explaining the attitudes of his collaborators. In spite of these mistakes, the Semmelweis intervention has teach us many lessons the recognize-explain-act approach has driven many investigators. Semmelweiss intervention is also a type of epidemiologically obsessed strategies to avoid infection.In 1980s concepts of hand hygiene in health care has been changed. The 1st national hand hygiene guidelines were in print in the 1980s. The health care Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) in the USA suggested that whichever antimicrobial soap or a nonpurulent agent be used for change hands while leaving the rooms of patients with drug-resistant pathogens in 1996.In recent past the HICPAC guidelines issued alcohol-based hand rubbing.3With the ti me methods of hand washing and chemicals that use are change with search inventions.Normal bacterial flora of the body(1) Axilla, perineum and between the toes(2) Hand, face and trunk(3) Upper arms and legs.Skin with partial occlusion like axilla, perineum and between the toes comport more micro-organisms than less occluded areas as legs, arms, and trunkThe numbers of bacteria on the disrobe of a person remains relatively constant excerption of the bacteria and the extent of colonization probably depend in part upon the contact of skin to a exact environment and partly due to the innate(p) and species-specific bactericidal activity in skin. Most of the microorganisms live in the superficial layers of the stratum, corneum and the upper parts of the hair follicle. Some bacteria are located in the deeper areas of the hair follicles and are away from the reach of normal disinfection procedures. These bacteria are reservoirs for settlement after the surface of bacteria were remove d.Staphylococcus epidermidisS. epidermidis is an important microorganism that lives on the skin, and in some areas it makes more than 90% of the resident aerobic flora.Staphylococcus aureusThe nasal area and perineum are the most familiar sites for S. aureus colonization. S. aureus is common to the vulva. S. aureus is very often (80% -100%) to the skin of patients with certain dermatological diseases such as atopic dermatitis.Gram-negative bacteriaThey occupy small portion of the skin flora.MicrococciMicrococci are not as frequent as staphylococci and diphtheroids on the other hand, they are often present in normal skin. Micrococcus luteus, is the predominant species.DiphtheroidsThe term refers to diphteroid, a renewal of bacteria belonging to the genus Corynebacterium common in the armpit and on open skin.They like to be involved in the pathogenesis of acne.Streptococci-hemolytic streptococci, are infrequently seen on normal skin. -hemolytic streptococci, exist primarily in the mo uth little spread on the skin.Nail FloraDust particles and other foreign matter can accumulate under the nail. They can carry fungi and bacilli, such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Mucor wear.4Transmission of pathogens by handthither are two main routs of transmission of pathogens.Airborne transmissionContact transmissionAirborne transmissionThey can be transmitted from the respiratory tract through talking expectorate sneezing, from the skin by natural cracking of skin scales, during wound dressing or bed making and by aerosols, also from equipment such as respiratory frame-up and air conditioning plants.Contact transmissionThe most frequent paths of transmission for infection are by direct contact spread from one to another(prenominal) or by indirect contact spread by unhygienic hands or equipment.Staphylococcal streptococcal sepsis, enteobacterial diarrhea Pseudomonas aeruginosa sepsis are examples for diseases that can be arise due to contact transmission.So hand washing is very important in preventing contact transmission of pathogens and so to avoid spreading diseases. 5Transmission of health care-associated (HCA) pathogens from one patient to another via health care workers (HCWs) hands requires five sequential whole tones,Micro-organisms to present on the patients skin, or have been shed onto dead objects instantly surrounding the patient.Micro-organisms should be transferred to the hands of HCWs.Micro-organisms should be able to survive for at least few minutes on HCWs hands.Amount of hand washing or antisepsis of hand by the HCW should be insufficient or alone omitted, or the substance used for hand hygiene unsuitable.The unhygienic hand or hands of the caregiver must approach into direct contact with another patient or with an object that pass on come into direct contact with the patient.3Steps of hand washingHands can cleanse with soap, alcohol, water etc.Hand hygiene technique with alcohol-based formulation.There are 8 steps duration is nearly 20-30 seconds,1st step Apply a full palmed amount of the product in a cupped hand, to uphold all surfaces.2nd step Rub hands palm to palm.3rd step Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and iniquity versa.4th step Palm to palm with fingers interlaced.5th step Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked.6th step Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in redress palm and frailness versa.seventh step Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa.8th step Dry.8Hand Hygiene Technique with Soap and Water.It takes 40-60 seconds there are 10 steps,1st step- Wet hands with water apply enough soap to cover all hand surfaces.2nd step- Rub hands palm to palm.3rd step- Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa.4th step- Palm to palm with fingers interlaced.5th step- Backs of fingers to opposing palms with fingers interlocked.6th step- Rotational ru bbing of left thumb clasped in right palm and vice versa.7th step- Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa.8th step-Rinse hands with water.9th step- Dry hands thoroughly with a single use towel.10th step- Use towel to turn off faucet. 3Substances that used in hand washingSoap and detergentsReduce barriers to solution and cast up solubility is the main action of soap and detergents. 6Water temperatureHot, soapy water is more successful than cold, soapy water on removing the natural oils on hands which grasp soils and bacteria. 6Antibacterial soapAntibacterial soaps have been greatly promoted to a health-conscious community. No evidence for that using recommended antiseptics or disinfectants selects for antibiotic-resistant organisms in nature. Although, antibacterial soaps contain general antibacterial chemicals such as Triclosan, which has a wide list of resistant strains of micro-organisms. 6Solid soapBecause of its reusable character, may hold bacteria acquired from previous uses. However as the micro-organisms are rinsed off with the foam, it is implausible that any bacteria are transferred to users of the soap. 6Hand antisepticA hand sterilizer or hand antiseptic is a non-aqua-based hand hygiene mediator. Most of them are based on isopropyl alcohol or ethanol formulate which mixed with a thickening agent such as Carbomer , or humectant such as glycerin, or foam for easiness of use and to diminish the drying result of the alcohol. 6Alcohol-based hand sanitizersThey are almost entirely ineffective against Norwalk type viruses, the most general reason for contagious gastroenteritis.6Ash or mudThis is also a disinfecting agent. WHO suggested ash or sand as option for soap when soap is not available. 6Importance of hand washing when to wash handsImportance of hand washingHand washing is like a vaccine that someone can do it yourself, which consist of five simple steps (Wet, Lather, Scrub, Rinse , Dry).Important to snip the spread of diarrheal and respiratory illness then you can stay well. Habitual hand washing, mainly before and after certain activities, is one of the best ways to remove microorganisms, keep away from illnesses, and to reduce the spread of germs 1.When to wash hands in day today lifeAlways wash your hands before cooking food or eating, victorious or giving medicine, Inserting or removing contact lenses. 8Also wash your hands after preparing food, specially raw meat or poultry, changing a table napkin or using the toilet, touching an animal or animal toy, leashes or waste, blowing your nose, coughing or sneezing into your hand, caring for a sick or wound person, handling trash, household or garden chemicals, or anything that could be contaminated like cleaning cloth or soiled shoes shaking hands with others. 8When to wash hands for health care workersBeforeperforming invasive procedures like taking care of particularly susceptible patients such as th ose who are severely immunocompromised and newborns. 9Before and after touching wounds traumatic, surgical or related with an invasive device. 9Aftersituations during which microbial contamination of hands is probable to occur, especially those involving contact with mucous membranes, rootage or body fluids, and body secretions or excretions ,touching dead sources that are likely to be contaminated with virulent or epidemiologically significant microorganisms these sources contain on urine-measuring devices or secretion collecting apparatuses, taking care of an infected patient or one who is likely to be colonized with microorganisms of special clinical or epidemiologic importance, for example multiple-resistant bacteria and between contacts with different patients in high-risk units.9Diseases occur due to bad hand hygienInfections that may be transmitted through this route include hepatitis A, salmonellosis, shigellosis, giardiasis, enterovirus, campylobacteriosis and amebiasis. A s these diseases are spread through the intake of even the little particles of fecal material, hand washing after using the toilet cannot crepuscle be take easily.Influenza,streptococcus, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the common cold are diseases spread through indirect contact. As these diseases can be spread indirectly by hands contaminated by respiratory discharges of infected people, illness may be reduced by washing hands after coughing or sneezing and after shaking hands with someone who has been coughing and sneezing.Microorganisms transmitted by one or more body substances such as urine, saliva or other moist body substance include cytomegalovirus, typhoid, staphylococcal organisms, and Epstein-Barr virus. These organisms may be transmitted from person to person or indirectly by contamination of food or inanimate objects such as toys. 10Alcohol rub sanitizers kill bacteria, multi-drug resistant bacteria (MRSA and VRE), tuberculosis, and some viruses like HIV, herpes , RSV, rhinovirus, vaccinia, and fungus and double back diseases. 9Thus, hexachlorophene and quaternary ammonium compounds are valuable for prophylaxis of staphylococcal infection but not of infection by Pseudomonas pyocyanea.12Antibiotics such as neomycin and bacitracin, which are rarely administered systemically, may be applied as topical antiseptics. They should be used in combinations, or mixed with synthetic agents such as chlorhexidine, in order to minimize the risk of producing resistant strains. 12Recurrent furunculosis is usually the result of re infection from a carrier site on the patients body. Many nurses experience carriers of hospital staphylococci, and the furunculosis which in some hospitals causes a good deal of minor ill-health, is often a consequence of cross-infection. 12World hand washing day ball-shaped hand washing day is October 15.Global hand washing day is an annual global come alongment day devoted to expanding knowledge and understanding about the imp ortance of hand washing with soap as a successful and inexpensive way to prevent diseases. It is an opening to design, test, and reproduce creative ways to encourage society to wash their hands with soap at important times.The day was founded by the Global Public-Private Partnership for Hand washing. 7Disadvantages of hand washingThere are some disadvantages of hand washing, some products that used in hand washing can be affect to generate bad effects in hand washing.Triclosan is an antibacterial agent which also has some antifungal and antiviral properties that contain in hand washing agents, researchers have found that it causes to change hormone counterweight in animals, also can lead to the development of antibiotic-resistant germs and can be harmful to the immune system.11Sodiumlaureth Sulfate (SLS) and triclosan are two commen ingredients contain in hand washes which are responsible for most cases of contact dermatitis.The SLS is a foaming agent used in many personal care pro ducts. As well as hand washing products, it contains in shampoo, shower gel, toothpaste potentially in shortly whatever thing that foams. A small number of people are sensitive to SLS and may lead to skin dryness or contact dermatitis. 11