Faustus Essay -- essays research papers

Out of ancient myth of the magician who sells his soul to the Devil for occult powers, Marlowe has fashioned a veritable fable of Renaissance man (Source 5 113).The goal of any true renaissance man is to improve himself. This goal may border on heresy, as it leads to a man trying to occupy the same position as God. Lucifer commits this same basic sin to cause his own fall. To fixate Faustus, this idea of sin is of no concern at the beginning of Christopher Marlowes Doctor Faustus. Faustus goal is to become god-like himself. In order to accomplish this, he learns of erudition and shows an interest in magic. He turns to the pleasures of magic and art and the poewr of scientific knowledge as substitutes for the Christian faith he has lost (source 5 115). Clearly, this total treat for God makes Faustus an atheist. However, it is only his renaissance quality, which seals his damnation, not his lack of faith. It is interesting to note how Faustus directly parallels Marlowe himself. The play is written as if Marlowes vindication of Faustus will punish him in the end. This has a direct effect on style as well as the overall spin, which Marlowe takes on the archetype. Such as strong companionship between Faustus and Marlowe makes it practical to speak of the damnation of both of these interesting characters almost simultaneously. Therefore, Marlowe and Faustus are both damned by their own self-improvement, not only by God, but also by themselves, and society.Doctor Faustus opens with a depiction of Faustus as the perfect Renaissance man. He is partly an artist, who does not wish to glorify God, as his medieval predecessors did, but to applaud and please man he is partly a scientist and philosopher, whose hope is to make man more godlike and not to relieve his miserable life on earth and, most significantly he is a Protestant, a Lutheran by training who has attempted through reclamation to escape the evils he associates with a Roman Catholic Church. (source 5 113) As the epitome of renaissance man, Faustus believes that he can infinitely improve himself (4 155). Faustus considers his life in front his deal with Lucifer as one that has gone as far as current interests may carry him. He notes in the opening shot Then read no more thou hast attained the end. / A greater subject fitteth Faustus... ...arlowe humanizes him. Faustus has the complicated modern soul. He is tragic because his dillema is real (source 6 62). As a realistic character, Faustus experiences the common feelings which occur in any persons battle with faith. Marlowe creates a character whose flaw is so slight, in time who is fatally flawed at the same time. This over ambition creates the perfect balance between the extremes of flaw. There is a desperate fatalism about Marlowe that the most preferred things are subject to cosmic veto (source 9 226). Marlowe succeeds in accomplishing his ultimate goal of creating a character which vindicates his own beliefs.The damnation of Faustus as well as the life of Marlowe both prove to demonstrate that unchecked ambition lead to complete damnation and utter loss of happiness in society. Although Marlowe does well in humanizing Faustus, it is still clear how he was damned and why. Marlowes biography also is tragic in the same way. All of Marlowes as well as Faustus damnation both are easily attributed to their ambitious nature which is almost a piece of the archetype to which Icarus and Lucifer both belong. Clearly, the ultimate answer to this business is moderation.

HIV/AIDS in India:An epidemic Essay -- AIDS India Health

What may be seen as a result of a surplus of industry by an economist, has ultimately led to an epidemic. Indias population, estimated to be 1.35 billion, suffers extensive poverty as more than thirty seven percent of its population lives on a lower floor the poverty line. ( sparing Watch) This surplus of labor has driven the price of labor in India to incredibly low amounts, hence the outsourcing which has become rampant. Low labor prices compounded with elision due to the caste system and high dependency on agriculture all have amplified the poverty which in turn, has given rise to the largest population2.3 million--within the borders of a nation to be infected with HIV/ support. (India HIV and assist Statistics.) Though those who are infected represent less the one percent of the total population, the environmental conditions of the society by which India presides are conducive to the rapid expand of this problem. More importantly, of those that are infected, thirty nine p ercent are women which increases the probability of parent-to-child transmission of this STI(Sexually transmittable Infection). While an entire forty percent of the HIV attitude population is constituted by women, only a fraction of a percentage bear down of those women who choose to get screened test positive for the infection indicating a major problemthose who have it, are unaware or choose non be screened*. Close to eighty five percent of the transfers are by means of sexual transmission, five percent through parent-to-child transmission and the remainder through injecting drug use. As observed, red-light districts in India have given obvious rises and have somewhat of the highest incidence of AIDS (fifty percent in Mumbai and Pune), but the other regions of the country do not r... ...ohen, J. HIV/AIDS IN INDIA HIV/AIDS Indias umpteen Epidemics. Science 304.5670 (2004) 504-09. Print. Cohen, J. HIV/AIDS IN INDIA HIV/AIDS Till Death Do Us Part. Science 304.5670 (2004) 513- 17. Print. HIV/AIDS. UNICEF INDIA. 2007. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. . Poverty in India Economy Watch. World, US, China, India Economy, Investment, Finance, Credit Cards Economy Watch. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. . India HIV and AIDS Statistics. AIDS & HIV breeding from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Stigma, Discrimination and Attitudes to HIV & AIDS. AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 07 Dec. 2010. . HIV/AIDS in IndiaAn epidemic Essay -- AIDS India HealthWhat may be seen as a result of a surplus of labor by an economist, has ultimately led to an epidemic. Indias population, estimated to be 1.35 billion, suffers extensive poverty as more than thirty seven percent of its population lives below the poverty line. (Economy Watch) This surplus of labor has driven the price of labor in India to incredibly low amounts, hence the outsourcing which has become rampant. Low labor prices compounded with exclusion due to the caste system and high dependency on agriculture all have amplified the poverty which in turn, has given rise to the largest population2.3 million--within the borders of a nation to be infected with HIV/AIDS. (India HIV and AIDS Statistics.) Though those who are infected represent less the one percent of the total population, the environmental conditions of the society by which India presides are conducive to the rapid spread of this problem. More importantly, of those that are infected, thirty nine percent are women which increases the probability of parent-to-child transmission of this STI(Sexually Transmitted Infection). While an entire forty percent of the HIV bearing population is constituted by women, only a fraction of a percentage point of those women who choose to get screened test positive for the infection indicating a major problemthose who have it, are unaware or choose not be screened*. Close to eighty five percent of the transfers are through sexual transmission, five percent through parent-to-chi ld transmission and the remainder through injecting drug use. As observed, red-light districts in India have given obvious rises and have some of the highest incidence of AIDS (fifty percent in Mumbai and Pune), but the other regions of the country do not r... ...ohen, J. HIV/AIDS IN INDIA HIV/AIDS Indias Many Epidemics. Science 304.5670 (2004) 504-09. Print. Cohen, J. HIV/AIDS IN INDIA HIV/AIDS Till Death Do Us Part. Science 304.5670 (2004) 513-17. Print. HIV/AIDS. UNICEF INDIA. 2007. Web. 04 Dec. 2010. . Poverty in India Economy Watch. World, US, China, India Economy, Investment, Finance, Credit Cards Economy Watch. Web. 08 Dec. 2010. . India HIV and AIDS Statistics. AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 05 Dec. 2010. . Stigma, Discrimination and Attitudes to HIV & AIDS. AIDS & HIV Information from the AIDS Charity AVERT. Web. 07 Dec. 2010. .

Essay --

pass on It Crumble, slant or Freeze?Scientist have been throwing around ideas and theories as to how the populace result end, or if will even end at all. Several scenarios argon up in the air these scenarios are predicting the possible fate of our founding. A few scenarios among m all are The fully grown Crunch, Big Rip and Big Freeze. No one knows for sure what will happen to the universe, at this point in time we question if we have enough evidence for any of these scenarios to become a solid ruling. Another question thrown around is, will the universe ever end?The first of the scenarios I mentioned is The Big Crunch. The Big Crunch is thought to be a consequence of how the universe was formed in the first place. This theory tells us that the universes expansion, due to the tough bang, is thought to checkout its expansion. The scientists exploring this phenomenon think that it may eventually stop expanding and collapse into itself, pulling everything in with it. T his will lead to the transformation of the universe to a commodious black hole. passing play into further detail, it is said that if the universe has large quantities of dark energy then the expansion of our universe could theoretically report forever. Another valid point is that if our universe were at a loss of dark energy then gravity would have to eventually stop expanding leading to concretions of the universe, which will continue until the matter of our universe collapses. This specific phenomenon, The Big Crunch, is looked at as a mirror image, or a reverse effect of the big bang. The theory goes on to say how contraction will slow down while the pace of gravity starts to pick up, causing the temperature to increase. When temperature is increasing the stars will eventually ex... ...st one theory that I play off with, they all have valid points to make and all could be possible. It would take years of research and reading scientific evidence for me to slope with o ne of the hundreds of theories heap have thrown out there. Some scientists now are even questioning if the universe is going to end at all. there are so many theories out there the fate of the universe is debatable, and unknown. It is clear that we would need further evidence and advances in physics before it will be remotely possible to know the fate of our universe. Scientists now think, and mostly agree with each other that the fate of the universe depends on three briny things the overall inning or geometry of the universe, how much dark energy it contains, and on the equation of state which determines how the density of dark energy responds to the expansion of the universe. Essay -- Will It Crumble, Rip or Freeze?Scientist have been throwing around ideas and theories as to how the universe will end, or if will even end at all. Several scenarios are up in the air these scenarios are predicting the possible fate of our universe. A few scenarios among many a re The Big Crunch, Big Rip and Big Freeze. No one knows for sure what will happen to the universe, at this point in time we question if we have enough evidence for any of these scenarios to become a solid thought. Another question thrown around is, will the universe ever end?The first of the scenarios I mentioned is The Big Crunch. The Big Crunch is thought to be a consequence of how the universe was formed in the first place. This theory tells us that the universes expansion, due to the big bang, is thought to stop its expansion. The scientists exploring this phenomenon think that it may eventually stop expanding and collapse into itself, pulling everything in with it. This will lead to the transformation of the universe to a huge black hole. Going into further detail, it is said that if the universe has large quantities of dark energy then the expansion of our universe could theoretically continue forever. Another valid point is that if our universe were at a loss of dark energy then gravity would have to eventually stop expanding leading to contractions of the universe, which will continue until the matter of our universe collapses. This specific phenomenon, The Big Crunch, is looked at as a mirror image, or a reverse effect of the big bang. The theory goes on to say how contraction will slow down while the pace of gravity starts to pick up, causing the temperature to increase. When temperature is increasing the stars will eventually ex... ...st one theory that I agree with, they all have valid points to make and all could be possible. It would take years of research and reading scientific evidence for me to side with one of the hundreds of theories people have thrown out there. Some scientists now are even questioning if the universe is going to end at all. There are so many theories out there the fate of the universe is debatable, and unknown. It is clear that we would need further evidence and advances in physics before it will be remotely possible to know the fate of our universe. Scientists now think, and mostly agree with each other that the fate of the universe depends on three main things the overall shape or geometry of the universe, how much dark energy it contains, and on the equation of state which determines how the density of dark energy responds to the expansion of the universe.

The Rise of Nazism in Germany :: Ancient Rome Roman History

The Rise of Nazism in GermanyGermanys defeat in area War iodine created political, economic and social instability in the Weimar Republic and led to the rise of the National Socialist German Workers Party (NSDAP) or Nazi party. The First World War placed increasingly heavy strains and sacrifices on the German plenty. The gap between the rich and poor widened and divisions between classes increased. It had direct effect on the workers maintenance standard as earnings fell and food shortages grew. Food was sold on the growing black market but the prices were high and the poor could non afford to buy. This led to a crisis in the cities and as many as 700 000 died of hypothermia and starvation in the winter of 1916-17. In order to force the German people to bear the hardship of the war, chancellor Bethmann Hollweg promised political reform in a speech in the Reichstag in February 1917. This promise led to political unrest and an organised strike of 400 000 ammunition workers in Ber lin, which threatened to cripple arms production. However, as long as the military held their dominant position and the possibility of conquest remained, the prospects of reform seemed remote. After the chancellor was forced to resign in July 1917 military repression increased. There were severe restrictions on the right of assembly, stricter control of meetings to discuss grievances, a spend to military service for striking workers and the banning of all anti-war material. In September 1918 the military effort suddenly collapsed. The allied powers, in particular President Wilson of the get together States, demanded that Germany be transformed into a democracy. On November 1918 the SPD declared the abdication of the Kaiser and the birth of the new Weimar Republic. On 28 June 1919 the German government signed the Treaty of Versailles enforce on it by the victorious powers. Clause 231 blamed Germany for causing the war and vast majority of Germans rejected this. They blamed the Wei mar government for losing the war and signing the fearful Treaty. Linked to this was the demand for financial compensation for the cost of the war paid to France and Britain. This shocked the Germans severely as it would be hard to pay reparations since the war had weakened the country. Germanys army personnel was to be reduced to 100 000 and was forbidden to produce offensive weapons. There was to be no air force or submarines and the dark blue was to be reduced to six small battleships and six cruisers.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

Social commentary is sometimes found at the heart of beloved art, whether that art form is literature or popular music. The novel, Animal Farm by George Orwell, and the rock album, Animals written and performed by Pink Floyd share the same diagnostic of scathing social commentary. The artworks also share an animal metaphor that serves to cast a dark light on human social interactions and stratification functions. Conversely, the artworks superstar after another attack the diametrically opposed, socio-economic systems of communism (by Orwell) and capitalist economy (by Roger Waters). The artworks are individually astounding, but when viewed in tandem, alludes to the idea that socio-economic systems are still evolving and in time the terms capitalism and communism will be thought as ineffective as feudalism.The shared characteristics of social commentary and animal metaphor literally, are what make these particular(prenominal) artworks the amazing examples of their respective genr es that they are. The animal metaphor tends to depict humans as cosmos motivated by our animalistic desires, as well as the tilt among ourselves to be highly competitive and often, ruthless. In Animal Farm, Orwell puts the pigs as being the leaders, or the exploiters of the masses, depending on your point of view. Waters does the same in Animals, depicting the pigs as uncaring, self-involved, and overbearing masters of the masses. In both works, dogs are an enforcer-type, driven either by a sense of patriotism, honor, and pride, but also those misanthropes who relish in the effect they progress to been given and enjoy abusing those weaker than themselves. The sheep are a shared characteristic of both works, depicting them as easily manipulated and led to the slaughter.The works diverge from one another in which philosophy they individually espouse. Orwells novel is an obvious attack against communism. The pig characters of the novel represent the political figures of the early d ays of the Soviet Union. Orwell goes on to depict the system of the so-called class-less society as an incredible failure, while time would ultimately prove his early analysis as being correct. Any large-scale, highly organized society in all of human history has required social stratification, and Russia of the early twentieth century would prove to be no different. As with any society, those with power have been and still are tempted to abuse that power for their own individual ends, often at the expense of those that have granted them their power. Capitalism is not immune from this inherent flaw in social stratification either.

Free Essays - Animal Farm :: Animal Farm Essays

Social commentary is sometimes found at the he fraud of good art, whether that art form is literature or popular music. The novel, Animal Farm by George Orwell, and the rock album, Animals written and performed by Pink Floyd share the same characteristic of critical social commentary. The artworks also share an animal metaphor that serves to cast a dark light on human social interactions and stratification functions. Conversely, the artworks individually contend the diametrically opposed, socio-economic systems of collectivism (by Orwell) and capitalism (by Roger Waters). The artworks are individually astounding, but when viewed in tandem, alludes to the idea that socio-economic systems are still evolving and in time the terms capitalism and communism will be thought as ineffective as feudalism.The shared characteristics of social commentary and animal metaphor literally, are what make these particular artworks the staggering examples of their respective genres that they are. The animal metaphor tends to depict humans as being motivated by our animalistic desires, as well as the tendency among ourselves to be highly competitive and often, ruthless. In Animal Farm, Orwell puts the pigs as being the leaders, or the exploiters of the masses, depending on your point of view. Waters does the same in Animals, depicting the pigs as uncaring, self-involved, and exultant masters of the masses. In both works, dogs are an enforcer-type, driven either by a sense of patriotism, honor, and pride, but also those misanthropes who relish in the power they suck up been given and enjoy abusing those weaker than themselves. The sheep are a shared characteristic of both works, depicting them as easily manipulated and led to the slaughter.The works diverge from one some other in which philosophy they individually espouse. Orwells novel is an obvious attack against communism. The pig characters of the novel represent the political figures of the early days of the Soviet Union. Orwell goes on to depict the system of the so-called class-less society as an incredible failure, while time would ultimately prove his early analysis as being correct. any large-scale, highly organized society in all of human history has required social stratification, and Russia of the early twentieth century would prove to be no different. As with any society, those with power have been and still are tempted to abuse that power for their own individual ends, often at the expense of those that have apt(p) them their power. Capitalism is not immune from this inherent flaw in social stratification either.

Why Did Wwii Break Out in 1939?

The Second World War started for many reasons but the most important were the treaty of Versailles and the negative impact it had upon Germany, the foreign policy of Adolf Hitler and what did the other countries do to full point Hitlers actions. The treaty of Versailles was a very important factor for the break out of war. The treaty took away land from Germany and gave it to Poland, France and Britain. This land included the colonies that Germany had in Africa that was given to France and Britain.It made Germany pay huge reparations that left them in a crisis, and Germany was already in a crisis due to the war which made the germans felt it would stop them from recovering. There were a lot of unemployment and whole families suffered from constant hunger. They had to take blame for starting the war and they did not feel it was honest because it was Serbian terrorist groups that trigger it by killing the Archduke Franz Ferdinand. The treaty besides ordered the reduction of the Germ an army to only 100,000 men and it limited its navy to six battleships.The Germans didnt feel this was fair because it meant that they were nearly helpless if someone tried to conquer them and they felt bitter as the other countries didnt had to disarm. They also had to demilitarize the Rhineland. The Rhineland was the border amid France and Germany and it was demilitarized in order to protect Alsace-Lorraine. The big three had different opinions on whether how to punish Germany. Woodrow Wilson (America) thought that Germany should be treated fairly because if it was punished too harshly they would motive penalize.America did not suffer as much because of the war due to the fact that the war was not fought in America and they trades unioned the war in 1917 so they did not had such many casualties as the other countries. Lloyd George wanted also a fair settlement but the British people, as Georges Clemenceau (France), wanted revenge because all of the soldiers killed in battle a nd all of the harm they had make to their inelegant. The Germans became vengeful because overall they did not see fair the treaty of Versailles and the sate it had left the country and they had their revenge with the war.The second factor was Adolf Hitlers foreign policy. Hitler wanted to make Germany a big and powerful country so he could defend revenge of the other countries because of the treaty. He started to get back all of the things that the treaty had took from Germany, starting with the joining of Germany and Austria. Hitler sent his troops and made the Austrians hold a vote to join Germany to Austria. The Nazis rigged the vote so that 99% of the Austrians voted for unification.I think that he wanted to unite with Austria because Austrians had German blood so they were part of the Master race, he also wanted Germany to be big and powerful and with Austria he would gather in much territory and there would be more people working for Germany and its army. and then he dem anded the Sudetenland region of Austria back to Germany because there were 3 million German people living there and also the Sudetenland had good farming areas and also a lot of raw materials and industries.This meant that there would be more food for German people and its army, the raw materials and the industries could be used for the air force and navy for the German army. After invading the Sudetenland, the German troops invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia. I think Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia to have a better chance against the USSR and also to make easier the trespass of Poland by having more land around it. Hitler then made a non-aggression pact with Stalin, they agreed not to fight each other and to share Poland between them.Hitler wanted the land of the Polish Corridor back to Germany because it had cut Germany in two and many German people lived there. But Poland refused to give back the lands because it would mean that they would relapse the only access they had to the sea. Hitler invaded Poland so he could have back that land and to expand its territories. More land meant more men in the army and more space to oppose the USSR. And the last of the most important factors of the breakout of the war was the fact that other countries only reacted and decided to fight back when Hitler conquered Poland.When Hitler began to rearm Germany they didnt do nothing because they were more worried of the communist invasion and they thought that a stronger Germany could protect Europe from the USSR. Then, when Hitler rearmed the Rhineland they did not do anything because they thought that it was reasonable for Germany to have troops in their own territories, I think that the other countries werent as bothered with the treaty as they were in 1919. When Hitler United with Austria and the Austrian attractor asked for help Britain, France and Italy didnt do wanted was peace.In 1938, Britain and France made an agreement with Hitler saying that he could ha ve the Sudetenland back if he didnt took the rest of Czechoslovakia. They were so relate on maintaining peace that they didnt even talked to the Czechs of this. But when Hitler broke this agreement they didnt help Czechoslovakia because they wanted to evade war by any meat and they promised Poland that if they were attacked by Hitlers army they would help them. They began to prepare for war because they knew that if Hitler continued his invasions then Poland would go next.When Hitler invaded Poland, England and France declared war on Germany but they did not locate any troops to help Poland as they had promised because they thought it was too late for Poland. On my opinion, if the other countries had decided to act earlier when Hitler was beginning to expand they would have been able to evade war because he was not powerful enough. I think that if they had actually tried to stop war they would have actually done something because it was very obvious that Hitler wanted revenge and he would do more than reversing the treaty of Versailles.If they had done something things could have been very different to what they are now. There wouldnt have been so many deaths from soldiers and citizens from the cities, and also whole cities would not have been devastated by the bombs. Also there would not have been as many victims from the final solution were thousands of Jews died in the concentration camps. In conclusion, the other countries could have prevented the WWII from happening easily by acting when Hitler was weaker.

Automated Inventory System and Pos Essay

A lot of companies and organizations needed the assistance of computers because of its speed, precision and productivity. Moreover, many business sectores flourished because production was increased and human erroneousnesss were lessened and management decisions were facilitated through accurate and rock-steady reading generated by softw atomic number 18 applications. The business world has become dependent to the massive use of computers and electronics. Nowadays, almost every corporate and company, great or sm solely(prenominal), enhances their business success rates and profitability through the use of computers. In Inventory System with POS whether automated or manual, comprises of machines, people, and/or methods organized to process, disseminate and transmit entropy that represent user information. An Inventory System with POS is a system that supports a business in the observe of items and sales. Also, it is a computer processing in which the computer responds immediate ly to user requests. Thus, Malaya and Lumber reflection turn in, the subject of this study, is in need of an stocktaking and sales software to helper them identify blood line requirements, set targets, and write up actual and projected inventory status. The introduction of an automated system hopes to optimize the inventory levels and eliminate stock-outs. BRIEF HISTORYMalaya Lumber and Construction Supply has been a recognized name in the Makati Hardware industry for over 40 years. Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply carry a wide range of turn supply to suit every need. The Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply range includes industry renowned hardware equipments from leading manufacturers including YELE, CEMEX, ABOY, etc. Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply, supply a range of electrical, sand, cement, steel, plywood, sink, toilets, plumbing and tiles to suit every budget.1.1 argumentation of the ProblemMalaya Lumber and Construction Supply are having difficulty in mon itoring their inventory and sales. * How to spirit and develop a module to monitor the availability of their items. * How to generate reports as per client needs, for e.g. Sales Report, Inventory Sales Report. * How totrack the increase/exchange of the items.1.2 Current State of the TechnologyMalaya Lumber and Construction Supply are shortly utilise a perseverance-intensive process in inventory, sharp of sales and producing reports. Listed below are classifications of internal operations that en up to(p) the company to do business with the public. Purchase OrdersSales InventoryRe-OrderBack-OrderReportsThese classifications are done by give-up the ghost and most of the information is stored on a Logbook and with sales transaction is establishedd thru a pre- bring outed numbered blank receipt. The needed reports are mostly en tagd by a managerial level employee thru Microsoft Excel. Problems like misplace files of evidences are minimized and entrust help them onlyeviate delu ge track of work done by existing ex use of the hand system and logbook based record upkeeping. The proposed Inventory System with Point of Sale volition carry daily operations effective and convenient to use as well.1.3 Objective1.3.1 General ObjectiveThe counsels aim to develop a computerized Inventory System with Point-of-Sale for the Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply that will aid their daily operations regarding their inventory and sales function. 1.3.2 Specific Objectives* To provide a monitoring module that will track the availability of items in the inventory. * To bring in a module that will generate reports for Inventory and Sales. * To develop a module that will track the record of the buffet and exchange of the items. 1.3.3 context and LimitationsScopeThis study is exclusively developed for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply. This study is concerned to develop an Inventory System with Point ofSale for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply which covers sal e transactions and monitoring stocks. The system provides the following functionalities1. Display inventory conditions of the products, including stock, out-of-stock, back-ordered or pre-orderable. 2. Filter product listing to show only those products that are currently available in stock. 3. Decrement inventory levels when orders are processed.4. Receive notifications when inventory levels reach an out-of-stock threshold. * The system has the capability to keep track customer and supplier information. * A delivery module that monitors products delivered by the supplier and products delivered to the costumers. * The system has the capability to create a back-up copy of informationbase file. * The system has a security to keep all information soundd for unauthorized users. * The system has a module that will prompt the user if a particular item has reach its critical level. * The system will be implemented in a LAN based network.* Report Module generates hard copy of record infor mation in a daily, quarterly and annually basis.Limitation* The system will not support bar -coding for items.* The system is incapable of accepting credit cards as payment. * There is no record entry in computation of tax payment for submission in BIR. * The system does not support schedule of delivery for the clients.Chapter 2 THEORETICAL theoretical account2.1 IntroductionEvery computer system should be supported by theories. Given that the proponents intend to develop a sales and inventory system, theories concerning inventory maneuver and transaction processing system should bestudied. ready reckoner related topics, such as database, GUIs and others, is also studied. These theories will eventually lead to the overall structure and design of a system. The theories mentioned in this chapter will be the foundation of the propose system. 2.2 Inventory Control SystemSome of the best inventory management software is equipped with a low-level warning system that will alert you wh en your stock is getting low so you dont run out of something that is sell well. You also become the ability to see in real time what stock you have on hand at another(prenominal) location and keep track of it. If you offer item kits its important to use a program that will allow you to keep an eye on your sales and inventory so that your kits are all accounted for. TOPT2013 2.3 Software PrototypingPrototyping is the process of building a model of a system. In terms of an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers build an information system that intuitive and easy to manipulate for end users. Prototyping is an iterative process that is part of the epitome phase of the systems development purport cycle. UMSL2012 2.3 Transaction Processing SystemA transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing system for business transactions involving the collection, modification and retrieval of all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include perf ormance, reliability and consent. TECH20132.4 Graphic user InterfaceA graphical user interface (GUI) is a human-computer interface (i.e., a focal point for humans to interact with computers) that uses windows, icons and menus and which can be manipulated by a mouse (and often to a limited extent by a keyboard as well). GUIs plunk for in sharp contrast to command line interfaces (CLIs), which use only text and are approach shoted solely by a keyboard. The most familiar pillowcase of a CLI too many people is MS-DOS. Another example is Linux when it is used in console mode (i.e., the entire screen shows text only). LINF2004 2.5 DatabaseA database is a set of data that has a regular structure and that is organized in such a way that a computer can soft find the desired information. Data is a collection of distinct pieces of information, particularly information that has been formatted (i.e., organized) in some specific way for use in analysis or making decisions. A database can ge nerally be looked at as being a collection of records, each of which contains one or much fields (i.e., pieces of data) about some entity (i.e., object), such as a person, organization, city, product, work of art, recipe, chemical, or sequence of DNA. For example, the fields for a database that is about people who work for a specific company might include the name, employee identification number, address, telephone number, date employment started, position and salary for each worker. LINF2006 2.6 Database NormalizationNormalization is the process of organizing data in a database. This includes creating tables and establishing relationships between those tables according to rules designed both to protect the data and to make the database more flexible by eliminating redundancy and inconsistent dependency. MICR20132.7 Computer NetworkA computer network is a group of computer systems and other computing hardware devices that are linked together through colloquy channels to facilitate communication and resource-sharing among a wide range of users. Networks are commonly categorized based on their characteristics. TECH2013 2.8 Back-upIn the computer world, a fill-in is a copy of some data. This copy could be used to restore the original data when the original information is lost or damaged. You can make backups of your data manually, by copying your files to another place a CD, another disc, another machine, to a tape device, etc. Ideally, the copy should be stored on another physical place and should not be stored on the same room where the original is. In case of disaster, like a fire, having both the original data and the backup on the same physical place could be fatal. I recommend you to make multiple copies ofyour valuable data for example, you can have a copy stored on another hard drive and another copy on some remote FTP server, for maximum security. COBI2009 2.8 SummaryDifferent theories the proponents have taken to consideration to develop our sales an d inventory system. The proponents studied the inventory and transaction theory so that we can have of idea on how this idea works. The software prototyping will help the proponents and the customer to have overview of the outline of the system. The database normalization theory will play a huge role in an inventory system. The inventory system will handle numerous amounts of data so it will be hard to have the database normalized properly. Back-up theory will help to bank the safety of the data. For internal cooperation on the company, the system will be implemented in a LAN environment. The graphical user interface theory will help in making the design more user-friendly.Chapter 4 Performance Analysis4.1 IntroductionThis chapter gives the procedures on how the proponents used to analyze and running the performance of the system. The proponents documentary was to provide a monitoring module and to create a module that generate reports and to develop a module that will parcel the record. The group conducted proper testing procedures to prove that the system is capable of doing necessary requirements. The intended users of the system are the sales representative, purchaser, cashier and the administrator. The sales representative manages all the walk-in orders and delivery orders. The purchaser manages all the transaction in ordering products and monitoring of inventory. The cashier manages the payment of the customers.The administrator is the one who updates the file maintenance, process the access level, makes backup and restores the database of their system.4.2 ExperimentalList of testing procedures below are the aspects used by the proponents to measure all functions accurately according to the specific objectives of the systems.4.2.1 Unit testingRefers to test that verify the functionality of specific section code, usually at the function level.The proponents conducted an intensive testing of all validation rules implemented. Using the system, propon ents entered some values to all data entry forms to check all valid, invalid and limit of all input. In addition to that, the proponents checked what are the result, kind of value and attributes will return if it was called. Overall consistency of systems application is also check on this experimentation.4.2.2 Integration testingIt is any type of software testing that seeks to verify the interfaces between components against a software design. Software components may be integrated in an iterative way or all together.In this part of experiment, the objective of proponents was to expose defects in the interface and interaction between integrated components. The proponents studied all the areas of inventory and sales to make sure if every module and its functions are integrated properly, specially the computation of commission and generations of all necessary reports.4.2.3 System testingThe proponents examined a complete integrated system to verify that it meets its requirements.The ac curacy and consistency of the computerize system was very effective rather than the old business process hence the proponents realize the opposite of new process and old crowd of their business.4.2.3 Alpha testingAlpha testing is simulate or actual operational testing by the prospective user or an independent test team at the developers site.Alpha testing was conducted at the developers site by the sales rep. to make sure if theres a problem when using the said system. Therefore, the sales rep. gave some suggestions and comments about the process of the system to enable the proponents to gain more information.4.3 Results and AnalysisThe proponents had finished the experimental and proceeds to the analysis of all problems encountered. The following are the errors and the proponents actions during the experimental of the system. * Logic ErrorsThe types of errors occur when foolish judgment and reason used during system development. This usually occurred when loops were not properly terminated, incorrect assignments were done, and incorrect comparison made during filtering operations. * Syntax ErrorsSyntax errors occur when typographical errors and incorrect usage of object properties and other keywords were used. The group has ensured that all syntax errors have been eliminated.* An updateable interviewThis error occurred when fields in the tables of the systems database were being update while the database was currently in a read only mode. * Expected Statement Error (End If without If)This error occurs when the End If of the If Statement is placed wrongly or the If Statement does not have a corresponding End If. * Integrity ConstrainsThis error occurs when a record having child record are being deleted or a record that is being added contains a similar primary key code as an existing record in database. *4.4 SummaryThe result of series of testing and analysis proved to be satisfactory for both the proponents and customers. The system was able to perform the processes that it is intended to do.The system was able to efficiently record and monitor sales and products of the company therefor making it for the administrator and the sales representative to monitor items and sales.It also made the sales rep. work easier because the system provided them with a file maintenance module that enables to add, edit, delete and back-up files. The system was also able automatically print all the important reports that customers needed.Shifting the process of Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply from unorganized to well organize system by automating it is a big help out to the company. Since the system has been tested thoroughly, it was able to perform well thus making a processes a lot easier for the Malaya personnel.Chapter 5CONCLUSIONThe proponents have to complete all the requirements and specifications of the system which include a monitoring module, report generating and a module that will tract the record. The developers have successfully met the objectives of the study.Specifically, the system was able to secure all the records from unauthorized personnel to maintain data integrity to be generated using Log-in featured of the system. For payment and cashiering, with the use of the system, producing receipts were easier and faster without miscalculating of dish out rendered of every employee. With the used of Computerized Sales and Inventory for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply, sales, delivery and inventory of products are efficiently monitored and recorded. Also, fast and accurate generation of reports is provided. Therefore, the proponents conclude that the get up outputs and operation of Computerized Sales and Inventory System for Malaya Lumber and Construction Supply are provenenhance and better than the companys current labor intensive system.BIBLIOGRAPHYWorld Wide WebTOPT1013toptenreviews (2013), Inventory Control System http//inventory-software-review.toptenreviews.com/UMSL2012umsl (2012), Software Prototy pinghttp//www.umsl.edu/sauterv/analysis/prototyping/proto.html TECH2013techopedia (2013), Transaction Processing System http//www.techopedia.com/definition/707/transaction-process-system-tps LINF2004linfo (2004), Graphic User Interfacehttp//www.linfo.org/gui.htmlLINF2006linfo (2006), Databasehttp//www.linfo.org/database.htmlMICR2013support.microsoft (2013), Database Normalization http//support.microsoft.com/kb/283878TECH2013techopedia (2013), Computer Networkhttp//www.techopedia.com/definition/25597/computer-networkCOBI2009cobiansoft (2009), Back-uphttp//www.cobiansoft.com/backuptheory.htmACKNOWLEDGEMENTAPENDICES

Discrimination of Micronesians in Hawaii Essay

Since the COFA (Compact of Free Association) Act was formalized between the Pacific Island nations of Micronesia and the United States in 1986, at that place have been rising influxes of Micronesian citizens that have the privilege of entering the U. S. without the need for a visa or time limit. These FAS (Freely Associated States) include the Republic of Palau, the Republic of the Marshall Islands and the federated States of Micronesia. While there is no obligation to immigrate to a specific state within the U. S. , some(prenominal) choose to settle on Hawaii.Due to its proximity to their home islands and tropical environment, the Micronesian cosmos in Hawaii has been steadily increasing during recent years. It is estimated that around 15,000 COFA migrants ar currently residing in Hawaii, where they subsequently appear many barriers as new immigrants, including language, loving and cultural barriers. Specifically, there is an ever-growing presence of Micronesian stereotypin g and marginalization that is frequently exhibited by other ethnic tribes in Hawaii.Because they are seen as the newest population to arrive on the islands and the fastest growing, Micronesians are subject to many forms of favoritism. In recent years, our local community has been ill-equipped and misinformed about the Micronesian population. Consequently, our unfamiliarity has contributed to their isolation and discrimination within the Hawaiian Islands. It is important for us as residents of Hawaii to bridge the gap that exists between Micronesians and what we perceive as our own local troupe.Due to our society being misinformed and social control factors at work, we perceive Micronesians as being inept, destitute and imprudent. There are some(prenominal) barriers that hinder Micronesian assimilation within the islands. wizard such barrier is within the health wish well system. In Dr. Yamadas article titled, Discrimination in Hawaii and the Health of Micronesians, he says Mic ronesians are very much victims of inferior care or denial of services. There are instances of Micronesian patients that are denied services and being referred to another clinic, or being discriminated against due to their comprehend lack of adherence to treatment plans.Personally, I believe that there is a kind of ignorance that health care providers bestow upon Micronesian patients. In 2006, I began working as a volunteer for the Kakaako home little shelter and clinic started by Dr. Jill Omori that include inhabitants comprised mostly of Micronesian ethnicity. Many of them were unable to find a job and supporter themselves financially. Those individuals who lacked the means to give their family also sought refuge at the shelter. I observed that a lot of the older Micronesian shelter inhabitants could not speak English, and those who did only had limited prefatorial knowledge and phrases that they used.What was surprising, however, was that most of the doctors and medical stu dents who treated these patients did not having a working knowledge of the Chuukese language, which is spoken by the majority of the Micronesians. Many of these patients used the help of their children who were good to attend public schools. Thus, a language barrier had existed, and still to this day, is continually a major factor in the fair treatment of health care delivery among Micronesians. In the health care system, it can be challenging to relay medical information from English into Chuukese.Pobutsky et. al. uggests having health education materials translated and readily unattached for Micronesian patients. Pobutsky also notes that having interpreters fluent in Chuukese is essential. Regarding denial of health services, Yamada talks about how COFA migrants were denied MED-QUEST (a Medicaid program) benefits in July 2010 by the Hawaii State Administration. It was reinstated 4 months later because the denial was in direct violation of the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment of the U. S. Constitution. Such discrimination is not only seen in our health care system, but also within the confines of social and economic settings.Yamada suggests that examining and countering prevailing social forces will help eliminate discrimination. By my personal interpretation, he is saying we must achieve that social forces such as the venomous justice system and the government are shared by all of us as one bingle community in Hawaii. By being responsible and looking out for one another regardless of race or ethnicity, we can close the social bridge that divide us. In other words, we must be proactive and bring to light the issues that face Micronesian immigrants who are treated unfairly.Another brief insurance policy report from the Hawaii Appleseed Center for Law and Economic Justice (HACLEJ) provides accounts of stigmatization by governmental leaders towards COFA migrants. The report further goes on to explain how there is an absence of interpreters a vailable to help COFA migrants within labor, housing and court disputes. Within the context of the court system, it can be a challenge for someone convicted who does not have a working knowledge of the English language. HACLEJ emphasizes the need to stimulate awareness, advocacy and action in order to better address Micronesians nourishment in Hawaii.Several paths can be taken to address discrimination issues against Micronesians. Already, there are many advocates and groups that support Micronesians and other at-risk migrants. Some of these groups do not get under ones skin funding from the state of Hawaii, and must rely on private funds to continue their work. There are also few research projects that involve Micronesians living in Hawaii and thus there is little information in regards to ethnographic and qualitative studies. Additionally, surveys measuring Micronesians health needs and risk factors should be included within the context of how to better deliver health care.Withi n the political system, our lawmakers should be better informed and take more consideration into immigration affairs. Pobutsky et. al. gives several examples of health service programs that are currently in the process of addressing the language barriers and health concerns of Micronesians, but there is much more work to be through with(p) in order to achieve long-term success. Allocation of state and government funds should be directed towards creating more educational and social programs that can help better address disparities quite often seen with newly arrived immigrants.Based in part by my own personal experiences and also through research, many Micronesians are illiterate and lack a good work ethic to succeed in future endeavors. Because Micronesians are discriminated both in the job market and in school, they may perceive themselves as being unable to achieve success that is often seen with other ethnicities. Consequently many of them, especially Micronesian youths, engage in lamentable behavior and illicit activities.My worry is that this cycle will manifest itself unchecked among these youths well into adulthood and create more harm than good within the criminal justice system of Hawaii. As citizens of a diverse society in Hawaii, we need to be more proactive and open-minded on issues that deal with the Micronesian population as a whole. Local perspectives that Micronesians are a kind of deviance on the islands and a burden to our society are obstructive to our continuous issue of the Aloha spirit. We must come together as a society and be more considerate and helpful to those who we might think less highly of.As long as institutions of power continue to ignore the problem of discrimination and disparity, then recent immigrants who include Micronesians will continue to face hardship. In our study of social control theory, there is the idea of strain that is frequently seen in societies that stress hard work and having a good education. more than research efforts and studies must be done in order to better assess disparities present within the Micronesian population in Hawaii, as well as having adequate funding by the state to support programs that meet the needs of the Micronesian community.

Levis Strauss Case Study Analysis

IntroductionCompanies use various dodging flummoxs to analyse their stream status and formulate strategies for future directions they ought to take (Johnson et al., 2014). With the high level of dynamism than characterises the present-day business environment, companies need to be aw ar of their internal capabilities, and use them to lot with the external threats and opportunities. Among the models that prat aid in this doorkeepers generic strategies, the PESTEL and SWOT frameworks and Porters five forces (Zott, Amit and Massa, 2011). This paper presents an analysis of a causal agent study about Levis Strauss three Porters generic strategies, and further determines the familiaritys strategic position using SWOT analysis. Models2.1. Porters Generic strategies (From the fibre study) Narrow Market ScopeSegmentation strategy1.Older disaffected shoppers fans who love us but quite frankly left us2.The lost generation fans who dont re all(prenominal)y know who we areBroad Market ScopeDifferentiation strategy1. Classic pieces of clothing such(prenominal) as button fly and trucker jacket that are the seam for the giant business of denim2. Return the brand to its roots while moving forward3. Innovation- Levi Strauss is using high-tech by involving a group of 30 people on its Eureka lab to work on 30 prototypes a week. The company encourages the conversion of ideas into design in less than 24 hours embody leadership1. Reduction of inflated cost structure by the new Levi chief operating officer2. Progressive growth in sales volumes for successive years. Uniqueness CompetencyLow Cost Competency2.2. SWOT Analysis (From the case study) Strengths1. Popular and strong brand name2. Expertise and experience in the denim Industry3. Focus on things other(a) than profits- captioned profits through principles for examples, donations and scholarships4. Levi Strauss company has a visionary CEO in Chip Bergh Weaknesses1. The company focuses too much on brand protection2. r estrict business growth due to increase in challenger from other denim companies3. Complacency in coming up with innovative designs for customers4. Delays in trends such as colored jeans for women and more tailored jeans for men5. With 16200 employees, the company incurs high expenses in paying wages. Opportunities1. The casual wear market is growing fast2. internationalization into emerging markets characterised by low cost manufacturing and production3. High tech re-invention that is the use of technology to create a tech-advanced womens denim that fit depending on body shape.Threats1. Fast changing consumer tastes2. Increasing Competition from low end substitutes such as Lee and Wrangler hence lower market assign4. Very close competition for market share with rivals targeting the same high-end customer nates Discussion3.1. Porter Generic strategiesMichael Porter suggests 3 broad generic strategies that can be used by a company to outperform its competitors (Porter, 2008). The se are segmentation, differentiation and cost leadership strategies. From the analysis of Levi Strauss case, the strategies from Porters generic model are clearly exhibited. Cost leadership, according to the model, refers to a strategy where a company sets its prices below that of its rivals and is independent of the market structure. From the analysis, this strategy was implemented on insertion of Chip Bergh the companys new CEO cut the cost and pricing structure that was previously inflated as it targeted high-end customers. The leaded prices might non be lowest in the industry, but is close to that of the companys key rivals, which also makes Levi products to attract new price-sensitive customers and those that were lost to other cheaper brands. The differentiation strategy is also evident at Levi Strauss. Companies use different approaches to differentiate themselves from their competitors. These include creation of unique designs, adoption of new technologies and making cha nges their brand images (Zott, Amit and Massa, 2011). Levis has used all these strategies to achieve uniqueness in the denim industry. The company capitalises on the specific designs that will attract consumers and win their loyalty, including those that had shifted to other less costly brands.In deliberate to the segmentation strategy, the company strives to meet the take and specification of a given target market for instance type of product, location of sales or the kin of customers it targets. In relation to Levis, the customer segments it targets are the older disaffected shoppers who genuinely left the company for alternatives that suited them better and the lost generation customers, who know zip about it. By defining its customer segments, the company is able to design products and services that are tailored towards matching the needs and preferences of these groups. as argued by Porter (2008), a company that fails to develop any strategy in regards to the three broad ca tegories defined by Porter is considered as being stuck in the midpoint because it will have no competitive advantage in the market.3.2. SWOT AnalysisSWOT analysis is a strategic tool that is used to subjectively assess knowledge about a company or organisation outlining its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (Ommani, 2011). Whilst strengths and weaknesses are internal elements of an organisation, opportunities and threats are external elements that the company has no control of. From the analysis present in section 2.2, Levi Strauss draws one of its strengths from the fact that it has a big brand name in the denim industry with a lot of expertise and experience wasted from the fact that it is the oldest denim company. In addition to this, the company known to focus more on things related to the smooth flow of business than only on profits and it has a fast growth of retail shops. These strengths have enabled the company to survive the competition it has faced from companies like Zara and H&M.The major weakness that was say about Levi Strauss is the complacency of the companys design team in coming up with unique products. Such weaknesses make the company prone to competition from rivals that are committed towards providing the best designs and are bendable enough to match the changing market trends. As stated by the companys CEO in the case, At Levi, designers sit in the companys archives and look at old Western shirts and jeansWe have one of the greatest brands in the world, but I think that there may have been periods where we thought the brand itself could carry us through thick and thin, there is no inquire that we got complacent.The opportunities that have been identified in the SWOT analysis above give the company a prospect for better performance in future, specially if it puts its strengths to beneficial use. These opportunities include the increase in market demand for casual wear, opportunities to expand operations into new mark ets, and the technological developments taking place in the path industry, which can greatly increase production and marketing efficiency of the company. In regard to the probable increase in demand of casual apparel, the company needs to device strategies that will motivate its employees avoid complacency and embark on designing competitive products. Failure to do so will make the company to lose these potential clients to rivals because these opportunities are for all companies in this industry (Grant, 2013). The main threat, as highlighted in the case study, is the rivalry that exists in the industry. This has to be overcome by application of the strategies that were earlier discussed in Porters generic strategy model. This will make the company a formidable competitor in the industry. shoemakers last and Recommendations From the analysis above by the use of Porters generic strategies and SWOT analysis it has been identified that whilst the company may have some weaknesses, it also possesses several capabilities if well utilised, will strengthen its brand position in the denim apparel industry. Several recommendation can however be do for Levi Strauss. One of these would be that the company should focus on the frequently changing needs of consumers in the denim market and ensure that its operations and designs are flexible enough to match with these changing trends. Taking advantage of technological milestones in the fashion industry also recommended. This will ensure the production of unique until now trendy designs. From the Ansoff matrix below, the strategic directions that a company can use to position itself in the market are presented (Taylor, 2012).Two of the four strategic directions suggested by this model have already been adopted by Levi Company, that is, selling existing products to existing markets and extending existing products in new markets. It can however recommended that the company should adopt one of the two remaining factors of thi s model, which is the diversification through creation of more designs of products that suit a wider demographic scope of customers. This will lead to larger consumer base hence higher revenue.ReferencesCunningham, J., & Harney, B?. (2012) Strategy and Strategists. Oxford Oxford University Press.Grant, R. M. (2013) Contemporary Strategy Analysis. New Jersey Wiley.Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Angwin, D., Regnr, P., & Scholes, K. (2014). Exploring Strategy Text Only. UK Pearson Education, Limited.Ommani, A. R. (2011) Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis for farming system businesses management cheek of wheat farmers of Shadervan District, Shoushtar Township, Iran. African Journal of Business Management. 5(22). p.9448-9454.Porter, M. (2008) Competitive Strategy Techniques for Analysing Industries and Competitors. New York Simon and Schuster.Tanwar, R. (2013) Porters Generic Competitive Strategies. Journal of Business and Management. 15(1). p.11-17.Taylor, E. C. (2012) Competitive amelioration Planning Using Ansoffs Matrix with Abells Model to Inform the Strategic Management Process. Academy of Strategic Management 10(1). p.21-25.Zott, C., Amit, R., & Massa, L. (2011) The business model new-made developments and future research. Journal of management 37(4). p.1019-1042.

Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer’s Day

Word Count 617 Teanna Armstrong Enc 1102 Essay 3 March 11, 2013 Sonnet, Theme, and Structure of Shall I canvass thee to a Summers Day? A praises structure has symbolism and it presents the theme in many poems of Literature. In the poem Shall I Comp be thee to a Summers Day? by William Shakespeare happens to be a sonnet. To begin with, the sonnet mentioned above is called a Shakespearean sonnet. It is composed of tierce four-line quatrains and a concluding two-line couplet. Certain components of the authors point are suggested to be based on its structural patterns components such as thought and feeling.Meaning this sonnet can introduce the subject in the starting signal quatrain, expand and develop it in the second and third quatrains, and conclude something about it in its final couplet. This undivided set up helps the reader to capture the theme and helps the author to organize the theme. As well as, the sonnets structure plays a key role, opposite than just being a Shakesp eare and sonnet. The structure of the sonnet is strictly constrained, and this one in special(prenominal) is believed to be a icy form sonnet. Poems in fixed forms are recognized by their rhyme, meter, and repetition.Furthermore, usually in its opening line the central idea of the poems is expressed. The theme of the poem Shall I Compare the to a summertimes day May be stated as Can someone, or the subject, really be compared to all the components of a summer after soul the theme it shows the reader that the sonnet is asking is the subject comparable to a summers day, making the structure of the poem easier to understand. To illustrate, the theme is hinted in the first half of the first stanza which starts the order of the sonnets theme. It is clearly indicated that the second line Shall I compare thee to a summers Day? (874) is the drumhead that he will be answering. This question also shows that a comparison will be made. The question that remains is what is being compared to what. This is answered in the second line, which states deoxyguanosine monophosphate art more pleasing and more temperate (874). This statement shows that Shakespeare is comparing a summers day to a person who is more lovely and temperate compared to the day of a summer. Moreover, the structure of this sonnet has setup the central theme for the reader in the first stanza. What lies in the next two stanzas are details and deeper emotions or thoughts to fill the readers mind with illusions of the sonnet.These middle stanzas are placed in Shakespearean sonnets for this essential reason. The details in this particular selection creates more compare and contrast examples between that person and a Summers day. Although Shakespeare wrote the contrast and compare by explaining all of the Cons of summer in these two stanzas, and in the last two line, also known as the couplet, he turns the direction back onto the person he was speaking of to show what the cons were compared to. non only that, but Shakespeare also showed meaning in this couplet So long as men can breathe This gives life to thee (874).The statement stated before is meaning the opposite of what was said in the first two stanzas about the summer. Instead, Shakespeare is indicating that the person will live on through his poem always unlike a Summers day. In Conclusion, many poems have different components that lead the reader to realize the central theme. In sonnets particularly, everything is placed where it should be for a reason. All sonnets have symbolism and presents the theme in many pieces of literature as explained above. . Works Cited 1. Diyanni, Robert. Literature Reading Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Unites States of America McGraw-Hill Companies, 2007. Print.

Art Essay

* Art is a term that describes a diverse range of human activities and the products of those activities, but here refers to the visual arts, which cover the creation of images or objects in fields including paintings, sculpture, printmaking, photography, and other visual media. They are two paintings that have been drawn by Dmitry Levitzky in 1773 and by Millais in 1871. The first portrait by Dmitry levitzky is called Nelidova, Ekaterina Ivanovna who she is the miss of Lieutenant Ivan Dmitrievich Nelidov.She was raised in the Smolny Institute for Young Ladies and was noticed there by Empress Catherine II, who made her a maid of honor to the Grand Duchess female horse Feodorovna, afterwards Empress, whose husband Emperor Pavel I. She was sincerely attached to him, although their relations were never intimate. She was able to influence Pavel I, preventing some of his unwise decisions and tantrums. She was also a close friend of the Empress Maria Feodorovna.The second portrait by Joh n Everett Millais is called The Martyr of Solway the Margaret depicted by Millais was Margaret Wilson, who was born in 1667 in Glenvernoch in Wigtownshire. She was a young and devout Presbyterian who was a member of the Covenanters, a Scottish Presbyterian movement of the 17th century in Scotland who signed the National Covenant in 1638 to confirm their opposition to the interference by the Stuart kings in the affairs of the Presbyterian Church of Scotland. The Stuart kings embraced the belief of the Divine Right of the Monarch.However, not only did they believe that God wished them to be the infallible rulers of their kingdom they also believed that they were the spiritual heads of the Church of Scotland. This latter belief was anathema to the Scots. Their belief was quite simple no man, not even a king, could be spiritual head of their church. The pursuit piece will demonstrate the differences and similarities between the two images in a compare and a contrast manner. Analyze t he fundamental differences. Point out the major(ip) mutual points.

Professional Identity Essay

Angelle Hobbs Joanna is a 16-year-old eleventh grader, the oldest of four children. Her best friend had died suddenly of leukemia the previous year. Presently, Joannas grades eat begun to drop and she cuts class. She feels she should overhear done more to service her best friend. Joannas m otherwise has been contacted for a parent conference, but she bets two jobs to financially support her children. Joannas homeroom teacher is very concern and refers her to the school counselor. This heartbreaking event has had tremendous implications on Joanna. I trust that an experience, as such, leads someone to initially choose charge as a profession.Counseling entails a provision of assistance and guidance sessions, depictd by a trained professional who assists in resolving ain conflicts, social/emotional, or psychological difficulties. Remley and Herlihy, authors of Ethics, Legal, and Professional Issues in Counseling, provide a constructive framework for an aspirant counselor who seeks to develop a professional identity in the commission profession, functioning through the acts of integrity, discernment, acceptance of emotion, self-awareness, and interdependence within the community.If youre like most counselors, you want to actively promote the mental health and wellness of the client, provide compassion, aid in the development of their life-enhancing qualities, and advocate in behalf of the client and the profession. Comparably, various mental health professions possess interchangeable objectives. Then, what distinguishes counseling from other mental health professions? Often, counselors describe themselves as professional skilled helpers helping others resolve difficult issues, while moving towards productive decisions in a non-judgmental atmosphere.They are professionals to the degree that they have mastered the requisite knowledge base, developed competencies in the required skills, and adhere to the values and ethics of the Ameri spate Counseling Associa tion and their states enrol of conduct. Counseling involves an establishment of collaboration with the client and a voluntary guidance in decision-making, leading towards a successful resolution of problems deemed significant. In other words, counseling can establish self-empowerment, self-awareness, self-discovery, and self-esteem.What comes to mind when I hear the term counselors? Counseling professionals promote accurate historical information about the development of counseling theories, philosophies, advocacy, mingle of research and evidence-based practice that have influenced its growth. Effective counselors employ cross-cultural skills to make their interactions with clients more culturally relevant. They possess ethnographic interviewing skills that elicit minorities views (worldview) of problems and situational contexts from their cultural perspective.In other words, counselors understand the client from the clients frame of reference. Additionally, counselors not only ap ply theoretical principles that guide therapeutic interventions, but offer motivation to efficaciously strengthen the helping process. They move the clients distorted world view to healthy thinking and dysfunctional actions to healthy behaviors, utilizing direct and indirect approaches. They help clients challenge themselves to develop new perspectives and make connections that may be missing, while changing their internal and external behaviors.Counselors must adhere to the code of ethics and standards associated with their several(prenominal) certifications and licenses. As well, counselors must possess high physical and emotional energy to handle the array of problems that they address. Most importantly, they demonstrate accountability, sensitivity and awareness of cultural implications. ethically speaking, psychologists study mental processes and human behavior by observing, interpreting, and recording how people and other animals relate to one another and the environment.To d o this, psychologists often look for patterns that get out help them understand and predict behavior using scientific methods, principles, or procedures to test their ideas. Through such research studies, psychologists have learned much that can help increase understanding amongst individuals, groups, organizations, institutions, nations, and cultures. Psychologists formulate theories, or hypotheses, which are possible explanations for what they observe.But unlike other social science disciplines, psychologists often put up on individual behavior and, specifically, in the beliefs and feelings that influence a persons actions. Principles of human rights and social justice are fundamental to social work. mistakable to the counseling profession, social workers address the prevalence of inequity, discrimination, violations of human rights, and other forms of social injustice compromising and adversely affecting the well-being of society.However, social workers establish linkages bet ween people and societal visions to further social functioning and enhance the quality of life in an ever-changing society, develop cooperative networks within the institutional resource system, and encourage an information exchange in those institutional systems in which both problems and resources opportunities are produced. Equally, social workers support a proactive position in count to social and economic policy development, to prevent problems for individuals and society from occurring.My personal qualities make a difference in my ability to work effectively with others. Among these essential personal qualities are genuineness, responsibility, honesty, openness, humility, concern, and optimism. During my overall academic attainment, I was effectively engaged as a reflective practitioner, dedicating my life to serving children and diverse families with a strong taper on family dynamics, social interactions affecting the unity of families, and the welfare of the community.I b elieve these qualities are indispensable for establishing rapport and building relationships with colleagues and clients, while enhancing my competence as a professional school counselor. In preparation to becoming a culturally, competent school counselor, I am developing an awareness of cultural sensitivity, with the understanding of worldviews of culturally diverse groups, development of culturally appropriate intervention strategies, personal responsibility, accountability, resourcefulness, subject area expertise, and a continuation of professionalism.I am positive that I bequeath provide a professional and structured process intended to meet an individuals counseling needs. I aim to effectively intervene systemically and in person on behalf of students. From a novice school counselor viewpoint, in the future, I believe that my dedication to the profession, perseverance through difficult tasks, and diligence in my work will be three key indicators of my success in the counseling profession.Above all, I have a vision based on the grand of deep appreciation and desire to be a part of a field that develops young people into productive citizens of the community with the knowledge, attitudes, and skills essential to succeed as life-long learners in a global environment. One childs life messed up by lack of direction early in life, is one to a fault many in the eyes of a prospective counselor in me, Ms. Angelle M. Hobbs.

Novartis in Bolivia Expansion Project Essay

Understanding the political structure of a untaught is very important when seek to do business internationally. When multinational corporations plan to invest in a innovative landed estate they must(prenominal) understand the political system and culture. Bolivia has faced political instability for everywhere the past century. Since Evo Morales was elected as president, more(prenominal) changes energise been made to protect some of the natural resources and mandate outside investment. Morales political decide has played a large roll in the regulation of irrelevant investment and business.Since his inauguration, Morales has nationalized the hydrocarbon industry and the telecom industry. This has caused some companies to negotiate new contracts. Although Bolivias legal framework is open to distant investment, mevery international companies and investors atomic number 18 expungeed by many of the inconsistent restrictive decisions. These issues often cause uncertaint y with investors when decision making to invest. In addition the easily corrupted judicial system similarly causes a threat to many investors that decided to invest in Bolivia.Several problems that come up when investing in Bolivia result from the sapless judicial system. many an(prenominal) of the property and contractual rights might be en bosomd, merely the process can hook on a lot of time delinquent to corruption and political influence. This also could be a probable threat to companies that want to expand into Bolivia. Political protests against the government activity argon another issue that might affect foreign investors when attempting to do business in Bolivia. umpteen of these protest cause disruption to the transportation of goods. boilers suit the political environment of Bolivia could potentially cause issues when doing business we might put ourselves at stake of exposure of losing major(ip)(ip) profits or even expropriation by the genialist form of gover nment flowingly established in Bolivia. Economic epitome Bolivia has struggled stintingally in the past thirty years but has graveled stability. This is partially due to low universe of discourse growth that has kept the labor supply limited. Another key factor to the economic struggle in Bolivia is due to the political and social conflicts within Bolivian society.Many changes have been use later on the economic crisis in 1984-1985, where they suffered from extreme hyperinflation. The main focus of the government after the period of hyperinflation was to asseverate price stability, create conditions for sustained growth, and alleviate indigence across the soil. Currently Bolivia relies heavily on foreign assistance to finance letmental projects. Direct foreign investment has contributed some(prenominal) of the growth experient in private investment in Bolivia. Bolivias primary sectors, Agriculture/Forestry and Mining, have created economical opportunities for Bolivia.Agr iculture contributes to near ten percent of Bolivias gross domestic product and al close to half of their work force is employed in this industry. One of their most profitable products is coca in which they be currently the terce largest cultivator. Mining has played a big part in Bolivia economic growth as well. Many local miners are employed by small-scaled operations throughout the expanse. Although Bolivia is known to have over 5. 4 million tons of lithium, much of the lithium deposits are not mined due to the disturbance of the res publica salt flats, which are a big feature of tourism.Currently the United States is angiotensin converting enzyme of Bolivias largest duty partners, importing $707 million dollars in 2010. There are no laws directly regulating competition but the government does have some regulation on the activities companies have. Bolivia has struggled economically but are now more efficient Social Analysis Many of the issues arising socially are result of the living conditions and political reform. Although much of the population is living in poverty, two-thirds of Bolivias population is active within the economy, either working for corporations or on a non-contractual basis.One issue that the majority of the population is dealing with is working qualifications. Many state growing up in Bolivia may completely attend one year of schooling. Some of the concentrated living conditions and political influences can create a hostile environment throughout the country. Protests against the government are a common issue that might affect foreign investors when attempting to do business in Bolivia. Many of these protest cause disruption to the transportation of goods and can effect business decisions. Violent and disruptive social protests occur often in some of the major cities that have affected companies.There have been cases where the major airports have been shut down for over twenty days due to protesting and social unrest. The gover nment is attempting to cast up citizen involvement in politics in order to help decrease some of the protest. Through many political and economical reformations, Bolivia has stabilized many of the past issues they were facing but is still a awkward place to do business, and through time it has deterred many international companies from entry the market place. Country Risk Analysis and GlobalizationAs mentioned before, Bolivia constitutes one of the least developed and poorest countries in Latin America and one of the most isolated countries in South America. Bolivias socialist leader, Evo Morales, was elected because of his involvement with the anti- internationalization movement. He has reduced poverty within the country, redistributed wealth, and has nationalized a significant amount of the energy sector. He has promised to favor domestic usance of natural gas over export. He has supported mainly by the poor majority who by and large reside in the western highlands.The popula tion residing in the eastern areas and voters from the middle and high class who have most of the wealth, are concerned closely his policies. Those in higher social classes are concerned with the neo-liberal global economy while many in the mestizo class support the opportunities that come from participating in the global economy. When it comes to the countrys globalization, Bolivians have a deep love for the natural richness of their country and are fighting to protect it. Bolivia is rich in nature and has many natural resources to offer.The natures conservation of the country is under printing press because of global interests, but its an opportunity for Bolivia that can be beneficial to them and help create more stability and less inequality among the country. Bolivia has the second largest reserves after Venezuela and looks like the perfect supplier for natural gas. But in 2005, a hydrocarbons law was passed by the government that imposed higher royalties and required foreign firms who were operating under risk-sharing contracts at the time, to surrender all return to the state energy company in exchange for a predetermined fee.The hydrocarbons sector has raised drumhead as to whether Bolivia has the sectors capacity or not to grow. Bolivia will continue to supply brazil-nut tree and Argentina with their natural gas but their long-term market potential is at risk. There are a number of factors that may reduce the growth of the industry increased political risk, delays in nucleotide projects, and insufficient funds for production. The country needs private investment to increase production, but if they continue to pressure investors this is going to be very difficult.Bolivia has had problems with political instability in the past years, which has affected investments in the sector. They had a large fall in investments in exploration and production of about $63 million in 2006. It has had a downfall on the amounts of gas delivered to Argentina since th e volume of production decreased in 2007. They had ab initio agreed that Bolivia would deliver 7. 7 million cubic meters per day per year to Argentina, but Bolivia was only delivering about half of that.Bolivias supply to Brazil was almost quadruple of the7. 7 mcm/d per year to Argentina, in turn, Bolivia asked Brazil for help. They are currently working on balancing and maintaining the gas deliveries to Argentina. Political instability in Bolivia has caused them to hinder the opportunity of exporting gas to Chile, to Mexico through liquefied natural gas facilities, and to the U. S. through a Peruvian or Chilean port. Even though Bolivia has faced political instability, they have never halt its gas supplies to Argentina or Brazil.In consequence to the political instability, the lack of investment in the country has reduced much of the production volumes. The Bolivian government has ameliorate its relationships with other governments regarding negotiations they also have remedyd their relationship with Brazil after the gas industry nationalization. Contracts of new investments have been made to initiate more production giving a positive signal for the emerging gas supplies in the region bright the security of supply for Argentina and Brazil.Although government relations have improved, there is still a risk of markets not developing because of Bolivias internal political problems. But if the government avoids these political problems and a more consistent policy framework is made, the future looks promising for Bolivia. Bolivia, being an underdeveloped country, poses economic risks to other countries entering their market. Future growth of the country will be bound by declining foreign investment and the countrys high debt. Bolivia has such high poverty rates, that growth probably wont reach levels to sufficiently relieve the rates.President Morales opposes free market economic policies and instead supports state involvement in policy making and more gove rnment spending on health, education, and infrastructure. The government continues to negotiate for further debt reserve of the country. According to the Natural Hot Spot study by the World Bank, Bolivia has the 32nd highest economic risk exposure to three or more hazards. Its exposed to detrimental hazards due to the countrys geographic location as well as the vulnerability of its population and infrastructure.In the past, the country has experienced a series of emergencies caused by many natural disasters such as floods hail storms, landslides, and mudslides. The levels of vulnerability in Bolivia have increased due to poverty factors and repeated natural disasters in the same regions. Industries and the general population are affected by these events since 49 percent of the population works in the service sector, 40 percent work in agriculture, and 12 percent in industry. Bolivias legal framework stay generally open to foreign investment.However, foreign firms may be affected by inconsistent regulatory decisions, unfavorable interpretations of laws, and a corrupted judicial system. The Investment Law domiciliates for national treatment of foreign firms and guarantees the foreign firms their profits, the free exchange of currency, and the right to international arbitration in all sectors. Laws that govern activities having to do in the mining and hydrocarbon sectors authorize joint ventures, and association of services to state-owned corporations.The Hydrocarbon Laws, which was issued in May of 2005, required investors to adapt to new contracts within 180 days, forced production of hydrocarbons to release all hydrocarbons to the state, and forced an additional tax of 32 percent on revenues. The law also required that before exporting, companies sell their hydrocarbons and satisfy the domestic market at factitious prices set by the hydrocarbons regulator. Bolivias currency is freely convertible at Bolivian banks or exchange institutions.The official excha nge rate is determined by the Central Bank who auctioneers dollars daily the bank offers a set amount of dollars and offers a minimum price. The Banking Law establishes regulations for foreign currency hedging and allows banks to have accounts in foreign currencies. There are no restrictions of any demeanor on transfers of currency. In 2007, the Central Bank established a one percent fee for any money transfer that is larger than one grand piano U. S. dollars. Any hard-currency cash larger than ten thousand U. S. dollars must be authorized by the Central Bank and Ministry of Finance if its leaving or entering the country.Bolivias past has hindered the investment of foreign firms is their country. Through their political and economic instability the country has yet to fully flourish in the agricultural sector. Some low population growth as well as low life expectancy and a high rate of disease has constrained the labor supply and prevented industries from flourishing. Overall the country has been not too open to globalization due to the current political regime but we believe that they are going to start shifting in the future to more open market and less rigorous import policies to improve their economy.Novartis Overview of the CompanyIn 1996 Novartis was created, one of the biggest health rush companies in the world. This multinational pharmaceutical company was formed after the merger of Sandoz and Ciba-Geigy. Novartis is not only a worldwide leader in pharmaceuticals but as well in vaccines and diagnostics, Sandoz, Alcon, animal health, and over the counter. Sandoz is the generic pharmaceutical division of Novartis. It is the second in net sales in 2010 with $8. 5 one million million million USD, behind pharmaceuticals at $30. 5 billion dollars. Sandoz offers affordable and high quality medicines to everyone. The Alcon division is the eye care division of Novartis.These products are to improve and protect eye vision. OTC or also know as over the counter , are products that Novartis makes that do not require prescription. These products are designed to prevent medical disease as well as treatment from the comfort of your home. Not only is Novartis for the benefit of human health but as well for animal health. With animal health products, Novartis helps treat and prevent diseases in pets just about the world. Novartis global headquarters are primed(p) in Basel, Switzerland. Even though their headquarters are located in Basel they operate in over 140 countries.They dont only make and provide products to both humans and animals but also have research facilities. The pharmaceutical research facilities headquarters arent located in Basel. The Novartis institute for biomedical researches is located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. These research facilities over the world are to innovate and improve medicines that will treat diseases and improve the health of humans and animals. With its research facilities all over the world Novartis is de termined to finding vacancies and treatments for diseases in developing nations.Like every MNC Novartis has a mission statement. come to new medicine and products for all of their patients is a crucial mission in all of Novartis. They dont only want to discover new things to improve the life of patients but they want to expand their innovations. This MNC wants to improve human and animal life as much as possible. Novartis official statement states We want to discover, develop and successfully market innovative products to prevent and cure diseases, to ease suffering and to enhance the quality of life. (www. Novartis. com)In 2000 Novartis listed its components in the New York Stock Exchange market at 37. 24 a share. With its highest in 11 years being 64. 52. Novartis doesnt only have shares in NYSE but also has shares in the SIX Swiss Exchange. In 1996 Novartis opened their shares in the Swiss market at 35. 06 a share. In 15 years in the Swiss exchange market Novartis shares were t he highest 76. 80 a share in 2006. You can say Novartis has double their market value since they went public.

Malaysian Economics

2 CAUSES OF INEQUALITY OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION 2. 1 Differences in education During the British rule, each ethnic group also mainly experienced different education systems. Most Malays were transgress in the government school system located in the rural argonas that used the Malay run-in as the medium of instruction. The Chinese on the other hand sent their children to the Chinese medium schools, which pure established by Chinese voluntary associations.Nevertheless , the elite segment of each ethnic group generally sent their children to the English medium schools located in the urban areas, where the quality of education was far better than the rural Malay-medium school. Furthermore, most secondary and tertiary education was available in the urban areas with English as the medium of instruction. Those who were better at the English medium schools tended to gain positions in the civil service, commerce, business, and professions. Since most of the Malays were educated in the ru ral Malay medium schools, this indirectly expressage their upward social mobility. . 2 Differences in skills Since Malay only received the education from government school in rural areas, the skills were limited. Lack of skills and knowledge were the factors of unemployed. This will worsened the situation of poverty and income disparities between the ethnic groups. sphere of influenceal employment of Bumiputera and non-Bumiputera (%) in peninsular Malaysia, 1970. Sector Bumiputera Non-Bumiputera primary coil 67. 6 32. 4 Secondary 30. 8 69. 2 Tertiary 37. 9 62. 1 Notes Primary (agriculture)Secondary (mining, manufacturing, construction, utilities, and transport) Tertiary (wholesale and retail trade, finance, government, and other services) 3. 3 Differences in access to capital A majority of non-malays are usually found to be living in the southern and western states of Malaysia , such as Pulau Penang and Kedah. These states multifariousness modern urban sectors and also modern rur al sectors which are playing the important roles in the scotch activities. On the other hand, the Malays lived in the northern states of Malaysia, and they are indeed in the traditional rural sector.This disturbed development had result the imbalance capital gain among the ethnic groups. Wealth Decomposition by asset Classes in 2007 Asset Classes Bumiputera Chinese Indian Savings 567 2 795 1 026 Investment Assets 1 853 4 629 2 058 Financial Assets 2 419 7 423 3 083 Real Estate 70 453 120 903 84 146 Wealth 72 873 128 326 87 229 3. 4 Differences in unemployment pattern The supply of skilled manpower in their own field is the main problem in employment restructuring. Despite the limited success of bumiputera students, the strawman of skilled and qualified bumiputera workers and professionals are inadequate.A few factors that contribute to this problem are such like limited accessibility to modern educational facilities and quality educational or even low family income. Bumiputera a re mainly attracted to the public sector and lately the bumiputera states the record for having the highest employment rate among malay university graduates. Although the manufacturing sectors display a hugely high rate or malay labor force, most of them are employed in the reduce level or non-manegerial level of occupations.

I Have a Dream Essay

Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15th 1929. He was a pastor, activist and the prominent leader in the African American civil rights movement and is often presented as a heroic leader in the history of modern American liberalism. He is most celebrated for his speech called I work a dream. It is about not being segregated or discriminated against and to have equal rights between white and black people. It is now recognized as one of the superlative speeches in history.Martin Luther King used a number of rhetorical thingmabobs in his speech. The main rhetorical device used throughout the speech is repetition and parallelism. In each paragraph he repeats different sentences to underscore what he is saying. He repeats phrases such as one hundred years later, we can neer be satisfied, I have a dream and now is the time to make the attender remember the parts he wants to emphasize. It is effective because the people are anticipating it so then they can coupling in. Also later on in life people will look back at the speeches and remember it for certain phrases because of the repetition.Martin Luther King also uses inclusive pronouns in his speech, for example we, our and addressing the hearing as brothers and sisters. The sons of former slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down together at the put back of brotherhood. He makes the audience feel as though it is there duty as well to overpower the discrimination and try and make all the southern states of America united and equal. He also makes the audience feel like it is their dream too and not just his.Martin Luther used different parts of the side of meat language to enhance the meaning of his speech and bring out the details. The different rhetorical devices, allusions to historic documents, and metaphors seemed to have brought about the emotions that King was trying to arouse in his listeners. This helped him influence his listeners towards wantin g equality for all and ever-changing what was happening in the present so they didnt repeat things in the past.

Legal System and the Social Construction of Childhood

In 1924 the League of Nations promulgated the first inter guinea pig agreement setting out the principles, which should inform the universal treatment of pincerren. The underlying image of the child contained in the Declaration of Geneva was thoroughly imbued with a modernist innovation of childhood. In particular children were seen as incomplete, non-social, weak and dependent. The Declaration, therefore, placed its emphasis on the duties of larges towards children.The UN Convention of the Rights of the minor (UNCRC), agreed in 1989, took this a stage further by making its preps leg ally binding on national governments that ratify it. By 2003 this included all governments of the adult male except the US. The UNCRC, however, surpasses the modernist notion of children as a cultural other. It raises childrens social participation as a goal alongside justification and provision.Childrens participation has become an worldwide rallying point for child advocacy. It is seen as ca pable of transcending differences in the social, cultural and sparing conditions of childrens lives around the world (Davie, Upton and Varma, 1996 Flekkoy and Kaufman, 1997 Franklin, 1995 Hart, 1992 Lansdown, 1995).From one point of view the UNCRC represents a benign attempt to bring enlightenment and humane standards to all children. It has been employ in this way and it is on these grounds that it draws enthusiastic support and even evokes a authentic amount of zealotry. It has also been characterized as high in rhetoric just low in intensity. In this sense it is a highly suitable instrument through which declarations of lofty principle can be made but about which little needs to be done in practice.However, it is also the case that the childrens rights lobby is, for good or ill, on the forefront of the global spread of norms about childhood. As Boyden (1997197) notes, these efforts need their precursors in the civilizing mission of colonialism As the 20th century has progr essed, then, highly selective, stereo-typical perceptions of childhood of the innocent child victim on the one hand and the young deviant on the other have been exported from the industrial world to the conspiracy It has been the explicit goal of childrens rights specialists to crystallize in international law a universal system of rights for the child based on these norms.The effects of this, she argues, atomic number 18 not always positive. Rights is a concept which is ultimately tied(p) up with cultural values. Their successful implementation depends upon the existence of a compatible framework of meaning and an theme of social and economic supports. The right to protection, for example, may translate well into practice when agencies, such as the police, are reliable upholders of law. When they are reliably corrupt it can be a recipe for oppression.Furthermore, some aspects of the concept of childhood contained in the UNCRC might also depend for their realization upon a le vel of economic wealthiness that many countries do not possess. As we have seen, for some countries international economic policy has conduct to deepening poverty, ill-health and inequality at the same time that social policy is urging the adoption of the rights of children.Perhaps, though, this is to underrating the subtle bringes that the UNCRC is enmeshed within. The different ways in which it (or part of it, Article 12) can be construe illustrate well how cultural globalization creates both diversity and homogeneity. It is, as Lee (1999) has pointed out, a register that has effectivity however beca example it is ambiguous. It is framed in such a way that its general principles are precondition a great deal of space for local interpretation. In fact, such was the level of disagreement among those who drafted it that this was the only way to make it acceptable to a wide range of countries with different cultural traditions about childhood.As Lee (2001a 95-6) comments If the Convention had been intended to clarify childrens position, it would indeed crumple under this burden, but the Convention operates in a rather different way. Having generated childhood ambiguity, it then lays the responsibility for managing that ambiguity on the legislatures and the policy-makers of the states that have ratified it.The representation of childhood found in the UNCRC has become more complex and ambiguous than the earlier Declaration. The protection and provision articles of the Convention still emphasize childrens need of adult support but, at the same time, especially through Article 12 of the Convention, children are pictured as social actors, not outside but inside society, not passive recipients but active participants.Role of the Legal System in regularisation childrenHowever, the contradictory effects of globalization do not all flow in the direction of self-expression and rights. From another(prenominal) point of view the twentieth century has witnessed incre ased levels of institutional control over children. The introduction of supreme schooling and childrens formal exclusion from paid work signaled a historical tendency towards childrens increasing mixed bag in specifically designated, separate settings, supervised by professionals and structured according to age and ability.Nsman (1994) has called this process the institutionalization of childhood. Throughout the twentieth century schooling has gradually been extended both upwards (for example in incremental steps towards an older leaving-age for compulsory schooling) and downwards in the growing emphasis on pre-school education and nursery provision (Moss et al., 2000.)Even leisure time is often framed in this way for many children because activities such as sport or music increasingly take place within some kind of institutional setting. It can be seen in the provision of after-school and holiday clubs that organize and regulate childrens activities under an adult gaze, channelin g them into forms considered developmentally healthy and productive. Such phenomena have been noted across European societies.German sociologists, for example, have used the terms domestication to describe the progressive removal of children from the streets and other public spaces and their relocation in special, protected spaces. They use the term insularization to describe the decreased levels of childrens autonomous mobility around cities and the creation of special islands of childhood to and from which they are transported (Zeiher, 2001, 2002). in spite of appearance these institutions, but with significant variations according to national policy, it is possible to discern a struggle to tighten the polity of children and to shape more firmly the outcomes of their activities. Schooling is a good example of this.In the last decades of the twentieth century the rather instrumental schooling regimes of the Tiger Economies of Southeast Asia were held up as the model for producing economic efficiency and were widely influential in changing educational systems in Europe. I have argued elsewhere that this phenomenon represents a refocusing of modernitys drive to control the future through children (Prout, 2000a).This tightening of control over children derives from a declining faith in other mechanisms of economic control, combined with increasing competitive pressures from the world economy. The intensification of global contestation and the intricate networking of national economies erode the states capacity to control its own economic activity. In such circumstances, moldable children as the future labor force is seen as an increasingly important option. This, after all, is exactly what add on side economics is about but, as far as children are concerned, it often leads to attempts to regulate and order what they learn and how they learn it.ReferencesBoyden, J 1997, Childhood and the Policy Makers, in James, A and Prout, A (eds), Constructing and Reconst ructing Childhood contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood (2nd edn), Falmer Press, London.Davie, R, Upton, G and Varma, V (eds) 1996, The Voice of the Child, Falmer Press, London.Flekkoy, GD and Kaufman, NH 1997, The foundericipation Rights of the Child Rights and Responsibilities in Family and Society, Jessica Kingsley, London.Franklin, B 1995, Handbook of Childrens Rights Comparative Policy and Practice, Routledge, London.Hart, R 1992, Childrens Participation From Tokenism to Citizenship, Innocenti Essays, Florence.Lansdown, G 1995, Taking Part Childrens Participation in Decision Making, Institute for Public Policy Research, London.Lee, N 1999, The Challenge of Childhood The distribution of Childhoods Ambiguity in Adult Institutions, Childhood, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 455-74.Lee, N 2001a, Childhood and Society Growing Up in an Age of Uncertainty, Open University Press, Buckingham.Moss, P, Dillon, J and Statham, J 2000, The Child in Need and The Rich Child Discourse s, Constructions and Practices, unfavorable Social Policy, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 233-54.Nsman, E 1994, Individualisation and Institutionalisation of Children, in Qvortrup, J., Bardy, M., Sgritta, G. and Wintersberger, H. (eds), Childhood Matters Social Theory, Practice and Politics, Avebury, Aldershot.Prout, A 2000a, Control and Self-Realisation in Late Modern Childhoods, Special Millenium Edition of Children and Society, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 304-15.Zeiher, H 2001, Childrens Islands in Space and Time The Impact of Spatial Differentiation on Childrens Ways of Shaping Social Life, in du Bois-Reymond, M., Sunker, H. and Kruger, H.-H. (eds), Childhood in Europe Approaches Trends Findings, Peter Lang, New York.Zeiher, H. (2002) Shaping Daily Life in urban Environments, in Christensen, P. and OBrien, M. (eds), Children in the City Home, Neighbourhood and Community, London Falmer Press.